Properties and Overview of Antimony

Overview:

Antimony (Sb) is a lustrous, gray metalloid with the chemical symbol "Sb" and atomic number 51 on the periodic table. The symbol "Sb" is derived from its Latin name, "stibium." Since ancient times, antimony and its compounds have been used for various purposes, from cosmetics to medicines. Antimony is a brittle, crystalline solid exhibiting metallic and non-metallic properties characteristic of metalloids. Antimony is a poor conductor of electricity and heat, and it expands slightly upon solidification, which is unusual for a metal. The metal has a silvery sheen and is relatively hard, but it can easily be broken or powdered.
Chemically, Antimony is stable in air at room temperature but oxidizes when heated, forming antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃). It does not react with water but dissolves in concentrated acids, such as nitric acid, forming various antimony salts. It forms various compounds used in different industrial applications, including antimony trichloride (SbCl₃) and antimony pentachloride (SbCl₅).
Antimony and its compounds can be toxic if ingested or inhaled. Exposure to antimony dust or fumes can lead to respiratory problems, skin irritation, and, in severe cases, organ damage. Chronic exposure has been linked to an increased risk of lung diseases and other health issues. Proper safety protocols, including protective clothing, ventilation, and dust control measures, are essential when working with antimony. Antimony compounds, particularly antimony trioxide, are classified as potential carcinogens, necessitating careful handling and disposal.

Production:

Antimony is typically extracted from its primary ore, stibnite (Sb₂S₃), through a process known as roasting. In this process, the ore is heated in the presence of oxygen to produce antimony trioxide, which is then reduced to metallic antimony. Antimony can also be produced as a byproduct of refining other metals, such as lead and silver. China is the world's largest producer of antimony, accounting for the majority of global production.

Applications:

Due to its unique properties, antimony is used in a wide range of applications. One of its most significant uses is as a hardening agent in lead-based alloys, particularly in lead-acid batteries and ammunition. Antimony alloys are also used in bearings and solders, where their presence improves mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
Owing to its semiconducting properties, antimony is used in the electronics industry to produce semiconductors, infrared detectors, and diodes. It is also used to manufacture flame retardants, where antimony trioxide is combined with halogenated compounds to enhance their flame-retardant effectiveness. This application is critical in producing textiles, plastics, and electronic components.
Historically, antimony compounds were used in medicine and cosmetics. For example, antimony sulfide, known as "kohl," was used as a black eyeliner in ancient Egypt. However, due to its toxicity, the use of antimony in these applications has significantly declined.

Summary:

Antimony, a versatile metalloid with a long history of use in various industries, holds a promising future in modern technology. Its unique physical and chemical properties make it valuable in applications ranging from battery production to flame retardants and semiconductors. However, the toxicity of antimony and its antimony requires careful handling and adherence to safety protocols to mitigate health and environmental risks. As industries continue to innovate, the demand for antimony and its use in modern technology will likely persist, offering new possibilities and advancements.

See a comprehensive list of atomic, electrical, mechanical, physical and thermal properties for antimony below: